advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade
Spain was uniquely well prepared to conduct this commerce because of the convenient geographical location of Manila and America's large supply of silver. Encyclopedia.com. 11. When first news arrived of the approach of the galleons to Acapulcousually in January or Februaryplans were made for a festive trade fair. They then crossed Mexico overland for shipment to Spain. Disadvantages of price mechanism theory? One of its good effects was that it developed an interest in the cultures of the two countries. Precise estimates of the extent of illegal trade are elusive for obvious reasons, but scattered information gleaned from official records, secondhand commentary, testimony from English captors of galleons, and accounts of infrequent inspections suggest that as much as ten times the permitted amount of cargo was being shipped. Non-Spanish observers coming to Filipinas (even those who are only within the boundaries of Attempts to engage in the prosperous trans-Pacific trade were futile without a base in Asia. One seaman shared, The history of Filipino seafaring is longnow we are just carrying on that tradition (Aguilar 2012:365). Here Are the Advantages of International Trade 1. As a Spanish historian, Girldez utilized many primary Spanish sources such as journals and letters written by Jesuits, friars, travelers, and government officials, to share a variety of first-person accounts. The 19th century was the birth of Filipino nationalism. The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas split the world between Spain and Portugal, with Spain owning all territories 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands and Portugal owning all territories east of the division line (Girldez 2015:48). As the ones subjugated by Spain, the Philippines receive little recognition for powering the Manila Galleon trade through their own labor, resources, and money. William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon (1939). . Some commodities used as tributes included produce and animals (Girldez 2015:79). Despite losing four ships, many men, and Magellan himself, the Spanish sent even more explorers to the Pacific region afterwards to exploit the goods there (Pigafetta 1969). "Conference on U.S.-Philippine Relations" Congressman Robert A. Underwood (D, Guam) Smithsonian Institution. It was also notable for the enormous size of many of the galleons (up to 2,000 tons, comparable only to the largest of the Portuguese East Indiamen) and the mystique of the Asian luxuries it made available. The economy of the whole empire was affected by the trade. Aside from the lack of primary sources, there is another obstacle to sharing information about the Philippines role in the Manila Galleon trade. Finally, a system of warning beacons was instigated along the coast of Mexico to warn an incoming galleon that enemy ships were prowling the area. Sailing across the Pacific Ocean until 1815, the galleon trade operated as the mainstay of Manila's economy and led to the establishment of a substantial Chinese community within the city. The materials that were there were sparse and of poor quality (Peterson 2014:148). The caracoa was heavier and a better fit for defense against raiding, for carrying dispatches, and for major assaults against pirate bases (Stead 2014:8). Paper presented at the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hawaii. Please support World History Encyclopedia. . Galleons transported valuable commodities such as porcelain, silver and spices between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico. The abuses imposed on the natives were so harmful that many royal edicts were issued to a call for more humane treatment (Peterson 2014:193). The Spanish greatly exploited the natives skills and knowledge for their gain. The cabezas de barangay were responsible for collecting tributes, distributing wages, and overseeing the conscription of labor(Peterson 2014:194). From November 27-30, 2017, the 3rd Annual Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage was held in Hong Kong (Jeffrey 2017). It was far more likely to be sunk by storm, reef, or accidental fire than an enemy attack. 4. After the thirteenth century, porcelain and silk became major trade goods as the Chinese produced and exported them in large quantities for cheap prices, which led to competition among indigenous populations (Min 2014:46). Nicholas Cushner, Spain in the Philippines (1971). China? Mexico and the Philippines are teaming up for the transnational nomination of the historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade route to the World Heritage List of the United Nations Educational, Scientif These letters represented the opening four words of the Hail Mary prayer: Ave Maria, gratia plena, Spanish Colonial Empire in the Age of ExplorationSimeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA). The British captured galleons, confiscated cargo, attacked and looted Manila (Fisher 2011:466). Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/manila-galleon. The desire to enjoy the spoils of the Asian trade led the Spanish to send explorers to the Pacific to claim and establish territories in the region (Pigafetta 1969). The carrack Great Santa Ana was on its way from Manila and was loaded with 22,000 gold pesos and 600 tons of precious silks and spices. The Manila Galleons were Spanish tradi. The Dutch in the Netherlands attempted to create a monopoly in the trade by blockade, in other words, by cutting off the Spanish empire at its throat by attacking their economy (Min 2014:52; Girldez 2015:92-99). Its rapid acceptance throughout the world made it a profitable commodity in a very short ti, Companies, Chartered It is important to recognize that without the help of the Philippines, Spain would not have had the same powerful empire between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The trade, which took place during 1565-1815, became the sole means of communication between Spain and the Philippines. 6. The lack of money and rations made it difficult for Indios to buy food or pay tributes (Peterson 2014:88).While this technique saved Spain money, they owed people thousands of pesos (Peterson 2014:203-205). In effect, a galleon was a slow-moving but formidable castle on the sea. Because of their usefulness and knowledge, Spain conscripted thousands of natives to perform physical labor. Manila was almost a Chinese city with the huge migration of Chinese due to the Manila Galleon trade as against the few Spaniards and Filipino natives. As one Filipino seaman argued, Were a seafaring peoplebut during the galleon times, that is when we proved ourselves as seamen (Aguilar 2012:365). This trade route linked America with Asia, and more particularly, the Viceroyalty of New Spain with its farthest province, the Philippine Islands. Foreign trade makes it possible to effect transfer of payments from debtor country to creditor country. The Zaragoa treaty confirmed Portugal's claim over the Spice Islands while Spain was given the Philippines. The Spanish empire benefitted greatly from their access to and engagement in the trans-Pacific trade network. In addition to all of these difficulties, Acapulco itself was strongly fortified from 1617 with the construction of the San Diego Fort, a five-sided structure with six angled bastions. Because the galleons had to carry everything necessary to support its passengers and crew, as well as arms and ammunition in case of attack-and the fact that owners and merchants wanted to make as much money as they could-the galleons often carried much more than they were allowed to by royal decree. Contraband trading was fairly common throughout the Spanish Empire, but that on the Pacific galleons was notorious. While the Philippines played a major role in establishing Spanish power in the sixteenth century, their role in the Manila Galleon trade has largely been overlooked and this paper will discuss possibilities why. 2011 The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific. Upon arrival at Acapulco in 1634, the traveler Fray Sebastin Manrique noted, "this profit made all hardships and dangers appear as nothing.". This important phenomenon was caused by the following: #1. the opening of the Philippines to world trade. Author: Adriana Hyun, Yale University We have to remember history, including both the bright side and the dark side. Corrections? World History Encyclopedia, 29 Oct 2021. However, native workers were underpaid or not paid at all (Peterson 2014:203). Masters thesis, Department of History, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. There are obstacles that impede research and publication to share the story about the Philippines role in the Spanish empire, but it does not mean research should not be pursued or shared. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Galleons dominated the seas in the second half of the 16th century, and with their lower superstructures, they were much more manoeuvrable and seaworthy than previous ship types like the carrack.. A particular feature of galleons was the impressive number of heavy cannons . Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. World History Encyclopedia. The other two captures of Manila galleons were made by the Royal Navy while England was at war with Spain. The Spanish government granted shipping subsidies. With the tributes and vandala systems, Indios funded and supported the Manila Galleon trade. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). 1998 Spains Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleet in the Sixteenth Century, Carla Rahn Phillips, translator. Natives like the cabezas de barangay were able to have some level of power in the Spanish colony, but for the most part, thousands of natives were subjugated to serve Spain. Major battles took place between the United States and Cuba in the Spanish colonies of Cuba and the Philippines. For example, there were reported abuses on natives. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The Galleon Trade is referring to trading ships that sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the following places:Manila (Philippines)AcapulcoNew Spain (Mexico) What is a Spanish galleon trade? Indio shipbuilders were supposed to receive a ration of four pesos of rice per month (Peterson 2014:88). It proposes a conceptual model from the world-systems approach to reflect on the impact of this trade route. Brainliest me pls. While natives could be punished for the rejection of Spanish ways, physical abuse was worse when it came to labor conditions. Even though the war didn't last long, it had a major impact. . Spain realized the advantages of the manpower and resources that the Philippines could contribute to support their empire. The long voyage to the Americas was memorably described by the Italian Gemelli Careri who made the crossing at the end of the 17th century: The voyage from the Philippine Islands to America may be called the longest and most dreadful of any in the world, as well because the vast ocean to be crossed being almost one half of the terraqueous globe, with the wind always ahead, as for the terrible tempests that happen there, one upon the back of another, and for the desperate diseases that seize people in 7 or 8 months, lying at sea sometimes near the line, sometimes temperate, and sometimes hot, which is enough to destroy a man of steel, much more flesh and blood, which at sea had but indifferent food. The westward route to the Philippines from Acapulco . The Spanish were then able to connect the Asian trade network to the markets in the Americas and Europe, leading to more trade activities and profits internationally (Orillaneda 2014:2). World trade had moved on even by the mid-18th century as new trade centres developed and new commodities usurped the dominance previously held by silver, silk, and spices. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Books "Once this happened, a global trade was created. Advantages: The galleons brought Mexican silver, merchandise, and useful plants to the Philippines as well as other influences from Mexico and Spain. Pierre Chaunu, Les Philippines et le Pacifique des Ibriques (1960). Through their involvement from the Manila Galleon trade and other industries, Filipinos developed a maritime identity and a sense of pride in their seafaring activities. The Galleon Trade crossed the Pacific Ocean. In terms of longevity alone, plus the trade that it engendered between Asia, Spanish America and onward to Europe and Africa, it brought in its wake events and movement of people among the various continents that are still apparent and in place today. This leads to production at large scale and the advantages of large scale production can be obtained by all the . While many historians focus on the rise and fall of the Spanish empire as the colonizer, few discuss the native, or Filipino, perspective as the colonized during the Manila Galleon trade. They were also better suited for island travel and for fighting in a raiding style of warfare (Peterson 2014:18). These topics provide more insight to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. Their life was hard. Companies can expand their target market. It helped to fashion the very society of the Philippines, which relied upon its income, its merchandise, and the services of Chinese, Malay, and other participants. Advantages: The galleons brought Mexican silver, merchandise, and useful plants to the Philippines as well as other influences from Mexico and Spain. Fortunately for the Philippines, Spain waned in power starting in the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century. By 1697, the fort's garrison manned 42 cannons. We care about our planet! Urdaneta had the skills and experience from the previous expeditions, and timed the voyage to get favorable winds and currents (De Leon-Bolinao 2014:5). Merchants made anywhere from 150 to 200% profit on their investment. As a result of all of this, in the Philippines there was "a saltatory rise in the level of foreign trade" (p. 179). The Manila Galleon Trade (15651815). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Pieces of Eight from the WhydahTheodore Scott (CC BY). Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. From Manila, the Spanish traded goods such as silk, silver, metals, porcelain, and spices with China, Japan and Southeast Asia. coast colony command consisted construction continued crew members customs deck Dutch enemy established fact Filipinos fire fleet galleon galleon trade governor guns hold House important included individuals interested involved islands journey king known land living located . That cost difference makes it impossible for the one provider to stay competitive if the quality of services is equal. Since the eleventh century, the Philippines have been engaged in the trade network (Min 2014:43-44). In late fifteenth century, Spain began its reach into the global trade network. Ming porcelain was already highly collectible and much sought-after by Europe's aristocracy, so much so, Chinese potters began to produce designs which were most popular in that market. The importance of the trade declined in the late 18th century as other powers began to trade directly with China. Nations are however the main element within a free trade agreement. Spain exploited the Philippines for their advantage at the cost of the natives lives. Copyright The Manila Times All Rights Reserved. In Mexico, they attempted to build galleons to use for their trips. Peterson argues, the central role the native Indios of the Philippines played in the creation and maintenance of the galleon trade hasbeen overlooked (Peterson 2014:1). Spanning 250 years between 1565-1815, the Manila Galleon Trade was the world's first recorded global trade route, shuttling luxuries of Asia (Old World) between treasures of . Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Local vessels were also more suitable for the waters than Spanish ones, so the Spanish modified their vessels to be similar to the Philippine ones, but befitting their purposes. An increase in trade and navigation in Asia accompanied the opening of the Suez Canal. The Manila Galleon. The elevated superstructures at the stern and bow of a galleon provided marksmen with an excellent platform above an enemy ship. . For about 300 years, the Manila Galleon trade route operated and carried valuable goods across the Pacific. pp. The Spanish targeted large amounts of forests to get timbers appropriate for shipbuilding. By the twentieth century, they were recruited into the United States Navy (Aguilar 2012:384). Lang, M.F. Eastbound galleons faced the harder challenge. After the companys foundation, only a few galleons traveled to Acapulco but were unable to sell their cargo for much profit due to a variety of accumulating factors, including shipwrecks, contraband, market collapses, conflicts, and competing trade powers (Girldez 2015:189).With decreasing profits, Ferdinand VII issued the Royal Decree of April 13, 1815, which ended the Manila Galleon trade (Fisher 2011:482). The last galleon from Manila sailed to Acapulco in 1811 and returned to Manila in 1815 (Steele 1925:84; Aguilar 2012:366). There were also numerous problems that hindered his expedition, including the lack of water, leakage, and harsh weather (De Leon-Bolinao 2014:4). Daz-Trechuelo Spnola, Mara Lourdes. The trade generated revenue needed by the government. two-century old Manila-Acapulco galleon trade (since 1572) supervised by the rel consulad.5 Historical records show that the galleon trade is one of the major economic policies which made the Spanish experience unique. By the 19th century, though, they had become a part of maritime history, victims of the process of globalisation in trade they had themselves helped begin. Officers might also make a handsome profit above their salaries by selling goods they had brought across in their personal luggage allowance. The Manila Galleon Trade was a thriving global trade network between 1565 and 1815 that connected the economies of Asia, the Americas and Europe for over two centuries. The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. The cargoes were unloaded into the Acapulco storehouses. #2. the rise of the intelligentsia. During the time that Mexico was ruled as part of the Spanish Empire, the Philippine Islands were a province of Mexico. While each government determines the duties and taxes differently, it is typically calculated on the value of the products sent (item, insurance plus shipping). Galleons of the Pacific, Acapulco or Manila, and Nao de China, which translates to China Ship, were all colloquial names for the transpacific vessels that sailed the tornaviaje for more than two and a half centuries. Disease was not the only cause of death. overlooked. Group-1.M3L1Check-In-Activity (1).pdf. Indios were conscripted to work as part of the polo y servicios, a system where they had to work for the Spanish for a fixed amount of time per year (Peterson 2014:7-8; Girldez 2015:80). Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed . Omissions? GALLEON TRADE ADVANTAGES IN 19 TH CENTURY DISADVANTAGES IN 19 TH CENTURY They were the only means of communication between Spain and its Filipino colonies and served the Spaniards of Manila as an economic lifeline. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. The result was a massive decrease in the native population, from 20-60% in different communities (Girldez 2015:72). So much so that the Spaniards feared them, taxed them, sent them out to the Parian and eventually, when tensions rose, massacred them. The ships were met by officials who came from Mexico City for the occasion. In addition, Mexico had a shortage of people to build and sail the ships (Peterson 2014:148-150). For example, the rope made from Mexico did not last long that by the time it reached Asia, it was already disintegrating (Peterson 2014:219). Finally in 1564, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andrs de Urdaneta successfully made the voyage to the Pacific and back. The Spanish city Cdiz is located in the southwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, close to the Strait of Gibraltar, between the Atl, Potos Paper presented at the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hawaii. Asian Perspectives 52(1): 43-74. One can only speculate why. This prompted a reorganization of chiefdoms into political entities that could better deal with increased trade and power, which led to the creation of better defenses and organization of more raids (Girldez 2015:15-16). . The Opening of Philippine Provincial Ports in 1855 Intertwined Histories in the Pacific (Chapter 1)Initially Economy and Trade, History. With the inability to sustain a colonial base in Cebu, Spain moved its center to Manila in northern Philippines, where resources were more readily available and abundant (Peterson 2014:7-8). Even after Mexico gained independence, Mexico and the Philippines still interacted with one another. In other words, Spain simply did not have enough resources to further develop their trade network. In addition, the paper will discuss the impacts of the Spanish colonization to the Philippine seafaring identity. Galleons could present a formidable array of up to 60 cannons below and above deck, and they carried large crescent blades fixed to the yardarms which were designed to cut the sails and rigging of any ship that dared get alongside. For example, 1 oz of gold bought 11 oz of silver in Amsterdam while the same silver in China could be re-exchanged for 2 oz of gold. Chinese merchants, eager for silver, carried to Manila fine silks, damasks and other fabrics, gemstones, finely worked gold jewelry, and porcelain. 2014 Oceanic Deaths Aboard the Manila Galleons. Obtained by all the a handsome profit above their salaries by selling goods they had brought across in their luggage. Cultural Heritage, Hawaii ration of four pesos of rice per month ( Peterson 2014:148 ) goods they brought. Schurz, the date of retrieval is often important of Eight from the approach. 2012:365 ) barangay were responsible for collecting tributes, distributing wages, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations.! 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